The Ada and Disability Related Harassment

The Ameri displaces with Disabilities Act (adenosine deaminase) and constipation-Related badgering A Self-Advocacy Guide 3839 North Third Street Suite 209 Phoenix, AZ 85012 602-274-6287 (voice or TTY) 800-927-2260 (toll free) 602-274-6779 (fax) 100 North Stone Avenue Suite 305 Tucson, AZ 85701 520-327-9547 (voice) 800-922-1447 (toll free) 877-327-7754 (TTY) 520-884-0992 (fax) www. az deadening police. org emailprotected org This remove was written by former University of Arizona, College of lawfulness students Kraig Gardner, Kevin Lira, Ryan McCarthy, Ruth Mendus, Cathy Nelson and Denise Quinterra.Funding for this document is provided by the coupled States Department of Health and Human Services, Administration on Developmental Disabilities and Community Mental Health Services and the United States Department of Education, Rehabilitation Services Administration. federal and cite law can reposition at any time. If in that location is any question to the highest degree the con tinued validity of any knowledge in the handbook, contact the Arizona C discharge for Disability Law or an attorney in your community. The purpose of this delineate is to provide general information to one-on-ones regarding their rights and protections infra the law.It is non intended as a substitute for legal advice. You whitethorn wish to contact the Arizona centralize for Disability Law or consult with a lawyer in your community if you require further information. This guide is available in alternative formats upon request. Revised 100307 E-8 1 The Americans With Disabilities Act (adenosine deaminase) and Disability-Related Harassment TABLE OF circumscribe A. Disability-Related Harassment 1 1.Scope of this Guide .. 1 2. The Difference Between Disability-Related Harassment and Common, Every solar day Harassment. .. 2 3. The Difference Between Disability-Related Harassment and Retaliation. 2 4.Other Types of Discrimination .. 3 B. Proving Disability-Related Harassment 4 1. intro 4 2. Elements of a Claim 3. Harassment . 4 C. The Rules About Employer Liability For Disability-Related Harassment . 8 1. Introduction. .. 8 2. possessor Harassment .. 3. Supervisor Harassment 9 4. Co-Worker Harassment 10 5. Non-Employee Harassment 10 D. E. F. G. Duty to Employees to stave off or Limit Harm 1 Employers Responsibility to Prevent/ force out Harassment . 12 Steps to deal If Your Employer Does Not Take Appropriate Action . 13 Introduction to the Americans with Disabilities (adenosine deaminase) and this Guide. 15 1. What Does the ADA Cover? . 15 2. How Does the Arizona digest for Disability Law Assist People with Disabilities? .. 16 3.Why Does the ADA Include vocation Protections? 16 4. When Do the ADA Employment Protections Apply? .. 17 5. What Employers argon Covered by the ADA? 18 H. Legal Resources.. 19 A. Disability-Related Harassment 1. Scope of this GuideThis guide is meant to condone and describe (1) Harassment base on constipation (2) w hen an employer is conceivable for anguish, and (3) some ways of dealing with agony. The ADA protections described are available only to populate who are qualified individuals with a disability under the ADA or who are harassed beca usage of an association with a person with a disability (for example, a parent, son, daughter, friend, or co- organizeer of a person with a disability). If you are uncertain whether you are protected under the ADA, the Center has a guide that explains the meaning of the crys, disability nd qualified. The title of that guide is, An Overview of the Employment Protections of the ADA. This guide is non intended to inform you about all employment-related contracts, only those having to do with disability-related torment under the ADA. This guide does non cover retaliation state law protections, such as casters compensation claims tort claims related to agony or savage claims related to worrying. Rasool hold ups at a restaurant. He has a ps ychiatric illness. Several of his co-workers were very prejudiced and afraid of him because of his disability.To try and harass Rasool, they spraypainted his car with the word crazy and slashed his tires. Rasools co-workers whitethorn non only be harassing him in violation of the ADA, precisely alike may waste committed a crime. This guide does not cover criminal law and penalties. Report criminal conduct at the workplace to your employer. Your employer should report crimes to the police. If it does not, you should report crimes directly. Josefina has cerebral palsy. Her supervisor calls her noisome names related to her disability frequently and in front of all an new(prenominal)wise(prenominal) employees.Josefina is humiliated and distressed by this sermon. She suffers personal symptoms, such as ulcers, that may be related to the tr work throughment. Her employer may be in violation of the ADA. Josefina may have other state claims for emotional distress, including workers compensation. This guide does not provide information about these kinds of claims. For more information, contact a private attorney handling workers compensation. Visit the Arizona State immobilise directory at www. azbar. org for a list of attorneys specializing in workers compensation. 2. The Difference Between Disability-Related Harassment and Common, Everyday Harassment. The ADA was created to provide workers with disabilities a level playing field in the workplace. It requires employers to provide fond facilities, to make special accommodations to the needfully of protected workers, and to have employment practices that do not discriminate. The ADA also prohibits harassment based on disability, equitable as other federal laws prohibit harassment based on race, gender, national origin and religion.It is important to understand the remainder between harassment and disability- related harassment. The law does not protect workers with disabilities, or any workers, from rude or uncivil people. The harassment must be loathly and related to a persons disability for the ADA to offer protection. Jane has a hearing impairment. She sometimes has problems understanding what people say to her. Dan is her supervisor. Dan is not a very pleasant person. He is constantly calling Jane and other workers lazy and slow. He often screams and yells when things do not go smoothly on the payoff line.Jane feels like Dan does not like her and the other workers. Dan may be harassing Jane in the common everyday meaning of harassment. Unfortunately, even though Dans air is not how we would like to see supervisors behave, it is not disability-related harassment. Lets interpret at a stance that is very sympathetic to the one in the first example. Jane has a hearing impairment. She sometimes has problems understanding what people say to her. Dan is her supervisor. Dan is not a very pleasant person. He is constantly calling Jane and other workers lazy and slow.He also makes c omments to Jane like whats the matter, didnt you hear me? and cant you understand anything? I thought you were deaf, not stupid. Here, Dans harassment is related to Janes disability. It doesnt matter if Dan is mean and rude to everyone else as well. When Dans harassment is severe and focuses on Janes disability, it is disability-related harassment. Making head-on comments is not the only form of disability-related harassment. disgusting jokes about persons with disabilities and offensive gestures and behavior can also be disability-related harassment. . The Difference Between Disability-Related Harassment and Retaliation. Another kind of treatment that is commonly confused with disability-related harassment is retaliation. Retaliation is adverse implement taken against an employee because the employee (1) 2 opposed action by an employer that violated the ADA, or (2) participated in deposit a formal bearing with the Equal Employment hazard Commission or the Arizona Civil Righ ts Division of the Attorney Generals Office. An employer can use harassment to retaliate.For example, an employer can harass an employee because the employee requested an ADA accommodation. An employer could also retaliate by harassing an employee who burdend an ADA charge of discrimination when denied a promotion. Both retaliation and disability-related harassment violate the ADA. It is reclaimable to bop the difference between retaliation and harassment when you are making a unhealthiness to the EEOC. trail has paraplegia. He uses a wheelchair. challenge is bobfloats supervisor. Part of Bobs job includes occasionally going to the room where the old bills are straind to get these old files.Some of the files are on high shelves that Bob has trouble reaching without help. Bob asked Sue if someone else could do the job of getting the old files. Sue said no. Before this, Bob had neer had any problems with Sue. Bob decided to make a request for an accommodation to the departme nt head, who is Sues boss. Sue was furious. She yelled at Bob for 15 minutes and told him that if he ever went above her head again that she would make him sorry. She asked him to withdraw his request for an accommodation. Bob refused.During the next week, Sue began to ask Bob to do things that had never been part of his job before. She started asking him to deliver papers all over the building. Bob had no problem doing this because the building was wheelchair accessible, just it took him kinda a bit longer than it would have anyone not in a wheelchair because the accessible elevator was on the other side of the building. Sue complained to Bob that he was taking too long to do these deliveries. Bob tried to explain why it took him longer to deliver the papers, but Sue wasnt interested.Bob tried to do the deliveries faster, but Sue wrote him up when he took longer than 15 minutes. After being written up 3 times in the next week, Sue make offd him. When Bob complained to the EEOC, he told them he was harassed in retaliation for requesting an ADA accommodation. 4. Other Types of Discrimination Sometimes, other types of discrimination feel like harassment. When an employer treats a person differently because of his/her disability in any of the conditions or terms of employment, it may feel like harassment.For example, if a person with a disability has been work for the company for many years and has never been permitted to go to a gentility to improve his skills, yet employees with less company seniority are often direct to training, this may be discrimination in the terms of employment. For more information about your right as a person with a disability to competent treatment, see the Centers guide, An Overview of the Employment Protections of the ADA. In addition, when an employer refuses to make changes to the work or workplace so an individual can do his/her job or enjoy the benefits of employment, it may be an unlawful failure to accommodate. For mor e information about your rights regarding accommodations, see the Centers guide, The ADA and Reasonable Accommodations. B. Proving Disability-Related Harassment 1. Introduction The ADA does not include a specific prohibition against harassment. Most courts looking at this issue have decided that the ADA prohibits disability-related harassment because of disability because employers must veto discrimination in the terms and conditions of employment.This means employers must prevent a hostile workplace. 2. Elements of a Claim To prove unlawful harassment under the ADA, you must be able to prove the following you work or formerly worked for a covered employer you are a person with a disability with a record of a disability or are regarded as disabled you are or were qualified to perform your job you face a hostile work environment and you were harassed by a co-worker or a third party and your employer knew or should have cognize about the harassment.Georges co-workers suspect he is HIV-positive because he is gay. They spray painted his locker with the words Gods punishment and hung plastic gloves around the built in bed for people to use to avoid physical contact with George. George does not have HIV but he is comfort protected under the ADA from disability-related harassment, as he is regarded as a person with a disability. 3. Harassment The harassment is so severe that it changes the conditions of your employment and creates an disgraceful working environment or results in a open employment action.The conditions of your employment must change when someone harasses you because of your disability. The conditions of your employment may change because the workplace is hostile or because of an employment action. every change may run a claim of harassment under the ADA. 4 Hostile Work Environment. A disability-based harassment claim under the ADA means that your workplace is so full of discriminatory intimidation, ridicule and insult toward you that it has become an abusive place to work. These claims are called hostile work environment claims. The ADA does not rohibit simple jeering, offhand comments and isolated incidents. To decide if the harassment is severe or pervasive decent to create a hostile work environment, courts look at whether the discriminatory conduct has happened only once or many times how bad the treatment is whether it is physically threatening or humiliating and whether it immoderately interferes with your ability to work. Occasional hurtful remarks by co-workers pull up stakes not usually be severe enough for a successful ADA claim, unless the occasional treatment develops into a pattern of abusive treatment.Even if some co-workers refuse to talk or associate with a disabled individual, it may not be enough to support an ADA claim for harassment because courts recognize that employers cannot force employees to get along with each and every other employee. Juanita is deaf. Her co-workers ignore her an d dont try to realise any signs so she can talk to them on breaks or at lunch. It is a simple fact that in a workplace, some workers bequeath not get along with each other. A court will usually not find cold shouldering enough for an ADA claim.However, in some other example, Juanitas co-workers tease her by moving their fingers at her as though they were using sign language. The co-workers pretend they are talking to her by making mouth movements just to confuse her. She is called deaf and dumb by people at work. Neither her co-workers or supervisor will save notes to her about important things she needs to know at work. Juanita may have a claim for disability harassment and failure to accommodate by writing notes. Generally, one instance of harassment will not amount to discriminatory changes in the terms and conditions of employment. However, even a one-time event may be severe enough to create a hostile work environment. The standard a court uses to decide if conduct is unlaw ful is whether a reasonable person would find the action offensive. 5 Because of a disability, Alberto needs to use two crutches with wrist straps in order to walk. He works evening shifts as a telephone solicitor. Alberto usually grades his crutches beside his desk while he is working. virtuoso night, two co-workers decided to pull a prank on Alberto. They took his crutches nd hid them. They told the other workers what they were up to, including the assistant manager, who was in charge of the night shift. Then they pulled the fire alarm. Alberto heard the fire alarm and looked for his crutches so that he could exit the building. His crutches were gone and he did not know the alarm was a prank. The other employees acted like they were departure the building and exited the floor. They odd him alone for 30 minutes. When he tried to crawl to the exit, they came back and laughed at him.Even though this only happened once, Alberto most likely has a claim for disability-related harassm ent because this conduct was so severe any reasonable person would find it offensive. Tangible Employment Action. The conditions of your employment will also change when the harassment results in an employment action. Harassment that results in a tangible employment action will be enough to show severe harassment. A tangible employment action means an important change in your employment status, not just a minor change.It usually causes you direct economic harm, and most of the time can only be caused by a supervisor or a person acting with the authority of the company. Examples of tangible employment actions may include T firing T failure to promote T demotion T a reassignment that you did not want T a significant change in your benefits T a decrease in your pay T a negative change in your work assignment T a dramatic increase in your workload T reassignment to a position that reduces earning capacity T reduction in hours T refusal to grant reasonable permit requests.Javier has a severe type of diabetes. He needs to take insulin at certain times and sometimes needs to eat dwarfish snacks. He asked his supervisor for an accommodation of a 15 minute break every two hours. Shortly after the supervisor found out about Javiers disability, she reassigned him to a different department. If Javiers salary and benefits are the same, and the supervisor only reassigned him because the other department already has 15 minute breaks every two hours, that probably would not be an ADA violation.However, if the supervisor told Javier that she was reassigning him because she was personally bothered by needles and did not want him taking shots in her department, that would be a tangible employment action and Javier would have a claim of disability-related harassment under the ADA. 6 The mere threat of an employment action is not enough to support an ADA claim. The harassment must be unwelcome. Jaime is deaf. He works at a department store in the shipping and receiving departme nt. Jaime and his supervisor Erin have a professional relationship.On a frequent basis, Erin makes uninvited and offensive remarks about deaf people. Jaime has been subject to unwelcome harassment. Aheem is blind. He works at a restaurant as a cashier. Aheem and his co-worker Brian, who is overweight, are constantly making fun of each others conditions in a good natured way. One day while they are teasing each other, Brian makes a joke about blind people. Because of the nature of their relationship, Aheem has probably not been subject to unwelcome harassment.The harassment must be based on your disability, your association with a person with a disability or your request for an accommodation. The person who is harassing you must be doing it because of your disability or your need for an accommodation. It is not enough that they harass you because they do not like you or because they harass everyone. Maria is a person who has cerebral palsy. She works for a local fast forage restaura nt. The assistant manager is named Fred. Fred yells at Maria and the other employees frequently. Sometimes he curses.He says things like Hurry the ____ up and What the ____ is taking you so long? Even though most people would agree that Fred should not talk to the employees that way, unfortunately Maria will probably not have an ADA claim if the evidence shows that Fred uses abusive language with many employees, not just Maria, and that he acts no more harshly toward Maria than he does to anyone else. This is probably not harassment that violates the ADA. However, if Fred only yells and curses at Maria and not at other employees, alls Maria offensive names like Spaz and Retard, and treats her differently than other employees, this may be harassment that violates the ADA. 7 C. The Rules About Employer Liability For Disability-Related Harassment 1. Introduction. Employers are generally trustworthy to provide a work place that is free of serious offenses and abuse that are based on a persons disability. For example, employers should not permit a work place where a worker who is mentally retarded is called retard, is not allowed to eat with co-workers, or is subjected to co-workers offensive mimicking.Owners of a company, supervisors, managers, co-workers and third parties, such as customers, can speak or take action that creates a hostile work place. An employer is responsible for the workplace no matter who causes the hostile environment, but the courts understand that employers may not know about the harassment unless it is reported. Courts have created different rules about harassment, depending on who does the harassing. Below is a chart with examples. If the harrier is a(n) then the employer is conceivable for Unless the employer can show the harassment when that Owner, manager, stockholder, the harassment occurs.CEO, or president Supervisor the harassment occurs and results in a negative employment action. the harassment occurs and causes a hostile wor king environment Supervisor Co-worker the employer knew or should have known about the discrimination. the employer knew or should have known about the discrimination it took reasonable move to prevent and to quickly stop harassing behavior and the employee immoderately failed to take advantage of the employers rides to prevent or stop the harassing conduct or to avoid harm. t took immediate and appropriate tonic action. Non-employees (e. g. , customer, student, sales personnel) it took immediate and appropriate corrective action. 8 2. Owner Harassment Companies are made up of people. Some people, such as owners, CEOs, directors, and stockholders are the company. When people who are the company harass, the company is automatically liable for the harassment. Albert & Sons owns a restaurant that employs 40 part- and full-time employees. J. E. Albert, one of the owners, is also the restaurant manager.Lydia has worked as the Director of Catering for the restaurant for 8 years. Howeve r, she develops breast cancer and must have a mastectomy and chemotherapy. When she returns to work on a half-time basis, J. E. Albert makes numerous offensive remarks including Shes not a real woman anymore and speculates out brassy whether can she satisfy her husband. He leaves photos of well-endowed women on her desk and bulletin board. He does this frequently and over many months. It is not necessary that Lydia reported the harassment because the harasser is a co-owner. . Supervisor Harassment Because a supervisor is given direct authority over an employee, the employer is responsible under the ADA for harassment by that supervisor. An individual is an employees supervisor if he or she a) has the power to make or recommend employment decisions affecting the employee, and b) directs the employees daily work activities. Whether a harasser is a supervisor is determined by his or her job function, not his/her job title. Jim, an individual living with HIV, works in a team environme nt.His team attracter has made several derogatory comments about Jims illness and has even gone so far as to say that it is not worth making the effort to promote Jim. The team leader makes recommendations regarding promotions. In this situation, the team leader is a supervisor. An employer is always liable for harassment by a supervisor if that harassment results in some chassis of employment action (e. g. , firing, change in work assignment, reduction in pay or hours, etc. ) This is because an employer is responsible for the acts of its supervisors and employers should be back up to prevent harassment.However, even if an employment action does not result from the harassment, an employer may be liable if the harassment creates a hostile work environment. The employer will be liable for a hostile work environment created by a supervisor unless the employer can show that (1) it took reasonable steps to prevent and stop harassment, and (2) the employee immoderately failed to use th e employers steps to correct or prevent the harassment. 9 Bette supervises the care for assistants at a nursing home. One day she sees Joe, a nursing assistant, take some medication with his lunch.She asks him what type of medication he is taking, and he voluntarily tells her he is taking prescribed medicine to treat his bipolar condition. From that day on, Bette treats Joe badly. She calls him crazy, looney, and a nutcase in front of patients and staff. When things get busy at work, she asks if he is going to crack under the pressure. On breaks, she asks him if he has ever had reversal treatment or tried to off himself. She also tells other workers she hopes he will just quit before he screws up.The nursing home is liable for Bettes harassment unless the nursing home can show they had a distemper procedure and would have promptly stopped Bettes harassment, but Joe unreasonably refused to complain. 4. Co-Worker Harassment An employer is liable for a co-workers harassing conduct if it knew or should have known of the co-workers misconduct, unless it can show it took immediate and appropriate corrective action. Ingrid is deaf. Her co-workers often mimic her, force her to speak, and make derogatory comments about her deafness.Her work environment has become a hostile one. This situation has continued for approximately 6 months at the same level of hostility. Ingrid mentioned the problem several times to her shift supervisor. Ingrids supervisor is certain of this situation and should have taken some sort of corrective action (possibly sensitivity training and discipline of offending employee), but it has not happened. Her employer is liable for the harassment by her co-workers because it has not taken any steps to correct the action. Sara is a sous chef at a restaurant.She took some medical leave for a hospitalization related to suicidal tendencies due to severe depression. When she returned to work, a small group of her co-workers had learned about the reas on for her leave and began taunting her. One day, all the knives at her work station were hidden and a note was left that no one wanted her to hurt herself. Another instance involved a bottle of candy pills that were left spilled all over her purse. Sara reported it but the management did not investigate or take any steps to correct it. The employer is liable for the harassment. . Non-Employee Harassment An employer is liable for a non-employees harassing conduct if it knew or should have known of the non-employees misconduct, unless it can show it took immediate and appropriate corrective action. In most places of employment, there are other people who enter a workplace or are part of a workplace who are not employees. For example, a store, movie theater, restaurant or gallery will have patrons and customers. Also places of employment may have 10 independent contractors who work at the facility.For example, a hospital may employ nurses, nurses aides, medical clerks and therapists, but the doctors are independent contractors and not employees. To become responsible for the non-employees harassing conduct, the employer must know about it. This is because it is more difficult for an employer to be aware of all of the periodical events at a workplace, particularly when they involve non-employees. Jarod teaches 7th-8th graders language arts/history at a private school. The students come to opine that Jarod is gay and jump to the destruction that he is HIV positive or has AIDS.The students spray paint offensive references to HIV in the mens bathroom. The school did not repaint the surround for over a month and did not investigate the students call upd to be involved. The school will likely be liable for the harassment caused by the students. D. Duty to Employees to Avoid or Limit Harm In general, an employee facing harassment from a supervisor (not an owner) has a duty of reasonable care. This means that as an employee, you must use all available means of prev ention provided by the employer to avoid harm.Failure to do this could result in the employer escaping its legal liability or possibly being call for to pay less money if there is a judgment against it. As an employee, you must be aware of the opportunities made available by your employer to employees (such as a grievance procedure) to report problems and use them if faced with workplace harassment. However, there are certain situations in which failure to use the procedures might be considered reasonable. For example, if the employee reasonably believes that the employer does not have a unsoundness system that has been given out r made available to employees Julie is a full-time cashier in a major(ip) department store. She is hard of hearing and requires the use of a hearing aid. After a month, Julie is periodically bothered by fellow employees, who poke fun at her and use her hearing impairment as a subject for their jokes and harassment. Julie wants to approach her supervisor a bout the situation, but is unaware of any avenues for her harassment cathexis. As a new employee, she has not been made aware of any complaint system.There is nothing posted in the employees lounge or in the materials given to her by her employer. Julies employer has a duty to make all employees aware of the existence of a complaint system. In this instance, Julies failure to make a complaint would probably be reasonable. a risk of retaliation exists for those who use the complaint process 11 Sophie is faced with harassment. She wants to file a complaint with her supervisor. However, the supervisor and the harasser are close friends. Sophie is concerned that her complaint will not be given the proper attention.The procedure does not offer any exceptions for making a complaint to someone other than a supervisor. She does not file a complaint, and the situation continues. In this case, Sophie may have acted reasonably by not filing a complaint. obstacles to complaints were present Ja mes is autistic and cannot read or write. He works as a dishwasher. The cooks and other dishwashers make fun of him. He wants to complain and tells his supervisor about the problem. His supervisor tells him he will only accept a formal written complaint and does not offer to help him write his complaint.James has not failed to take reasonable steps. the process for complaints was in trenchant. Shop-Mart has a written harassment policy that is available on-line. All new employees are provided training about the complaint procedures. Anyone can come to the training room to look at the policy on-line. Jerry wants to complain about customers who taunt him and treat him badly because he is an amputee, but his store manager has a well-deserved reputation for never checking into complaints and telling people to work it out for themselves.Also, several of Jerrys co-workers were marked poorly on their evaluation for not getting along with others after they made a complaint of harassment. Jer ry is probably acting reasonably when he does not use these procedures. Generally, it is better to put your complaint in writing so that you can later prove that you did let your employer know about the harassment by a co-worker, supervisor, or non-employee. You should also brand a copy of your complaint to the owner or director of the company.However, at times there may be other reasons you might be warrant in not making a complaint. For advice, call the ADA Employment Advice Line or a private attorney. E. Employers Responsibility to Prevent/Stop Harassment An employer has a duty to act reasonably to prevent and correct any harassment. The most telling way of exercising this duty is through an effective complaint procedure provided to all the employees in the workplace.If written and used properly by the employee, the employer can, in some cases, discourage harassment before it takes place and, in other cases, address it immediately to limit the harm. To meet its duty, an employ er should establish, publicize, and enforce anti-harassment policies and complaint procedures. It is the EEOCs position that all policies should be clearly 12 understandable and accessible to all employees in the workplace. In addition, an employer should provide extra training focusing on harassment so that all employees will be made aware of these policies.The EEOC advises that an employers complaint procedure should provide a clear explanation of conduct that is against the law assure employees who make complaints of harassment or provide information related to such complaints that they will be protected against retaliation describe a complaint process that provides accessible avenues to make a complaint be flexible about the format of the complaint assure that the employer will protect the confidentiality of harassment complaints to the extent possible make accommodations in the complaint process as needed for people with disabilities (e. . , large print policy for visually impa ired employee an interpreter to interview an employee who is deaf and complaining about harassment provide a prompt, thorough, and impartial investigation and assure that the employer will take immediate and appropriate corrective action when it determines that harassment has occurred. The policy should focus on the prevention of harassment. An effective policy of antiharassment provides employees with protection so that they may avoid potential harassment before it happens.The complaint procedure should also encourage employees to report instances of harassment. It should be set up to prevent employees from being intimidated by reporting these incidents. One effective method to avoid intimidation is to have employees report complaints to other employees who are outside of the direct line of command. An employee will be more willing to report harassment if he/she does not have to go through a higher-up who was directly involved in the incident.The policy should also contain informat ion on important dates and deadlines for filing a complaint with the EEOC. Even if your employer does not have a harassment policy, you should report harassment by a co-worker, supervisor or third party to your employer. F. Steps to Take If Your Employer Does Not Take Appropriate Action Practical Tips to Help You Deal with Harassment check any materials you were given as an employee or that are available to all employees (e. g. , net site) to see if there is a procedure for reporting discrimination and harassment to your employer 13 f there is no procedure for reporting complaints, see if there is a procedure for reporting any problems and use it keep a journal of what has been done to you, by whom, when, how often, where and how this affected your ability to do your job be specific about the harassment that occurred even if you are not sure whether the misconduct is offensive enough to be unlawful ADA harassment, you can assuage report it. It gives your employer a chance to stop offensive conduct before it becomes unlawful. alk with a trustworthy friend or a hotline for supportproblems at work can be hard to live through, and sometimes it can seem like youre imagining things if you are not afraid of the harasser, talk to the offender and tell them the behavior is offensive and keep notes of this conversation (and date them) talk to your supervisor or another person in authority and tell them whats happening put your complaint in writing use the legal words defined and explained in this guide so your employer will have a clear idea of what you are requesting and lance a copy of the complaint to the management or owner of the company.Keep in mind that in most cases of harassment (except by owner, CEO, director, etc. ), the employer is not liable unless he/she knew or should have known about the harassment. This means that in general it is a good idea for employees to report the harassment to the company. If there is a complaint procedure for reporting harass ment, you should use the procedure to notify the company. Get Legal AdviceOne way to get brief legal advice is to call the Arizona Center for Disability Law at 1800-927-2260 (toll-free statewide) or at (602) 274-6287 in the Phoenix area, to an experienced advocate or attorney who can provide you with information about the protections of the ADA. If you want more information, you may request copies of the Centers self- advocacy guides about the employment protections of the ADA and sign up for a free legal training in Tucson or Phoenix. Information about the guides and training is available at www. zdisabilitylaw. org. The Center can also provide you with lists of attorneys who practice employment law in Tucson and Phoenix. File a Charge of Discrimination You can also file a charge of discrimination with the U. S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC). Charges are complaints of discrimination. You can do it immediately or wait until you have first complained to your employer . The EEOC will investigate your charge and determine whether there is reasonable cause to believe 14 discrimination has occurred.It will then issue a right to sue letter in all cases (except for the few selected cases in which it will file a lawsuit). In Arizona, the Civil Rights Division of the Arizona Attorney Generals Office (ACRD) will also take your charge. You do not have to pay to file a charge with these offices. You can call (800) 669-4800 (voice) or (800) 669-4820 (TTY) for the EEOC or (520) 628-6500 for the ACRD in Southern Arizona. You must file a charge with the EEOC or the ACRD to be allowed to cause a lawsuit for employment discrimination based on disability.You have 180 days to file a charge under state law and up to 300 days to file under federal law. For more complete information about filing a charge, please see the Centers guide How to Enforce Employment Rights under the Americans with Disabilities Act. Before you go to the EEOC or ACRD, please read the guide. G. Introduction to the Americans with Disabilities (ADA) and this Guide 1. What Does the ADA Cover? On July 26, 1990, the ADA was passed by Congress. The ADA provides major civil rights protection to individuals with disabilities.The intent of this federal law is to reduce barriers to persons with disabilities and provide extend to opportunity in employment, public accommodations, public services, transportation, and telecoms. The conglomerate titles of the ADA affect many aspects of the lives of people with disabilities. Title I makes it unlawful to discriminate against qualified people with disabilities in employment. Title II makes it unlawful for state and local governments and their agencies to discriminate in programs and services, including public transportation. Title III prohibits discrimination in access and enjoyment of public accommodation and commercial facilities, such as hotels, motels, restaurants, professional offices, doctors offices, lawyers offices, convent ion centers, stores, banks, museums, parks, schools, and recreation facilities. Title IV requires accessibility of telecommunication services to hearing impaired persons and other individuals with disabilities. Title V provides for recovery of legal fees and establishes a mechanism for technical assistance.Additionally, Title V includes a provision prohibiting either (a) coercing or threatening or (b) retaliating against the disabled or those attempting to aid people with disabilities in asserting their rights under the ADA. 15 2. How Does the Arizona Center for Disability Law Assist People with Disabilities? If you believe you have been discriminated against on the basis of a disability in employment or access to public services, public accommodations, public transportation or telecommunication services, staff at the Arizona Center for Disability Law can provide you with information about the ADA and enforcing your rights under the ADA.The Arizona Center for Disability Law is a n on-profit, public interest law firm providing fee advocacy, information and referral services, legal research, community legal education, and, in selected cases, legal representation to individuals with disabilities and advocacy organizations throughout Arizona. The Center is the designated protection and advocacy (P&A) system providing services for Arizonans with a wide range of physical and mental disabilities. Assistance is provided for disability-related issues in established precession areas. Information about the eligibility requirements and priorities are available from the Center upon request.Assistance is provided according to program eligibility requirements, priorities and staff availability. This Guide is Not a Substitute for Legal Advice The Arizona Center for Disability Law recommends that persons obtain professional legal advice to resolve a legal dispute regarding discrimination on the basis of a disability. This guide is not a substitute for legal advice. This guid e is meant to provide people with disabilities with information and examples about employment protections under the ADA. The information in this guide is based in part on court cases interpreting the ADA.Courts in the various parts of the country interpret the ADA differently. Not all of this information may be true for people living outside of Arizona. 3. Why Does the ADA Include Employment Protections? Oftentimes, people with disabilities do not have an equal opportunity to work or advance in their employment. People with disabilities are often restricted in employment opportunities by many different kinds of barriers. Some face physical barriers that either make it difficult or impossible to get into and around a workplace or to use work equipment at the site.Some are excluded because they fade differently than their co-workers. Still others are excluded because of rigid work schedules which do not permit flexibility for people with special needs because of a disability. In othe r cases, people are not denied opportunities because of actual barriers, but because of prejudice. These are the barriers in other peoples minds fears, stereotypes, presumptions and misconceptions about job performance, safety, absenteeism, costs or lack of acceptance by coworkers and customers. 16Congress enacted the ADA to eliminate these barriers to equal opportunity in employment. The ADA makes it unlawful for an employer covered by the law to discriminate against applicators and employees with disabilities. The United States Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) is responsible for enforcing this law. People with disabilities also have the right to bring private lawsuits against employers who discriminate against them if they first file a charge of discrimination with the EEOC at bottom the time limits set out by the ADA.See the Centers guide, How to Enforce Your Employment Rights Under the ADA, for more information about how to file a charge. However, the U. S. Supre me Court late ruled that private individuals may not sue state employers for money damages under the ADA. Individuals may still file charges of discrimination with the EEOC against their state employer for other relief, such as court orders to stop discrimination. The U. S. Government can still file lawsuits against states for violating the ADA.The list of guides available through the Center about employment rights under the ADA include O An Overview of the Employment Protections of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) The ADA and the Job Applicant The ADA and Reasonable Accommodations The ADA and Drug Testing How to Enforce Employment Rights Under the ADA The ADA and Medical Examinations The ADA and Confidentiality of Medical Information Taking ActionHow to File a Charge When Youve Been Treated Unfairly by an Employee Because You Have a Disability How to Ask Your Employer for an Accommodation That You Need Have you been Treated Unfairly at Work?O O O O O O O O O 4. When Do th e ADA Employment Protections Apply? The ADA does not cover every employment situation between an applicant and an employer or an employee and an employer. For the ADA to apply to an employment arrangement, each of the following has to be true the employer is covered by the ADA the employee or applicant has a disability according to the ADA the employee or applicant is qualified to perform the job and the employer discriminates against an applicant or employee on the basis of disability. 17For more information about each of these requirements, see the guide, An Overview of the Employment Protections of the ADA. 5. What Employers are Covered by the ADA? The ADA applies to private employers with 15 or more employees. Includes employment agencies and push back unions. Includes a location or facility of a business with less than 15 employees whose total number of employees for the company in all locations and facilities combined equal 15 or more. Other laws may apply to persons wi th disabilities who are employed by smaller businesses.For more information, contact the Arizona Center for Disability Law or a private attorney. The ADA applies to state and local governments. Includes all state and local governmental agencies, departments and entities regardless of their size or number of employees. Although the ADA applies to state employers, the U. S. Supreme Court recently ruled that employees (and applicants) can not sue state employers in court for money damages. Individuals can still file charges of discrimination with the EEOC against their state employer. Individuals can still sue to require state employers to take action or stop discriminatory action.The U. S. Government can still file lawsuits against state employers under the ADA. Examples of state and local employers include public schools, public universities, police and fire departments, public libraries, museums, public parks and recreation facilities, and genial welfare offices. The ADA does NOT apply to the federal government. The ADA does apply to employees of the U. S. Senate. However, generally if a person with a disability works or applies for a job with the federal government, a federal agency, or a fully owned U. S. Government corporation, then the ADA does not apply.However, the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 is another anti-discrimination law that offers employment protections. For more information about that law, contact the Arizona Center for Disability Law or an EEO officer of the federal agency where you work or a private attorney. Title I (Employment) of the ADA does NOT apply to Indian Tribes. Tribes may have their own affirmative action or anti-discrimination laws which may address discrimination on the basis of disability. Some tribes have adopted tribal laws or entered into agreements to abide by federal discrimination laws similar to the ADA. 18